by
Damien F. Mackey
“In searching the
Hebrew Bible for a wicked man whose name resembles Abu Lahab,
one finds Ahab
(Hebrew: אַחְאָב), the seventh kings of ancient Israel (r. ca. 885-874 BCE),
son of King Omri
and husband of Jezebel of Sidon”.
Ercan Celik
Introduction
The biography of
the Prophet Mohammed has, as I have shown in:
(and in its subsequent
parts) borrowed so many of its bits and pieces from the Bible (both the Old and
New Testaments) that it is no wonder that Mohammed has been portrayed as a most
remarkable kind of man (verging on a superman), having such a breathtaking
career.
The real miracle
is that scholars down through the ages have been able to compile a coherent
life of the man. The downside of it is - apart from the religious implications
- that it is historically a complete shambles.
Better to view
the whole thing as a marvellous work of fiction.
Now, a Turkish
writer, Ercan Celik, believes that he has traced the so-called “uncle” of
Mohammed, to the biblical king Omri of Israel:
Who were Abu Lahab and His Wife? A View from the
Hebrew Bible
In The Qur’an and Its
Biblical Subtext, G. S. Reynolds observes that
…scholars of the Qur’an
accept the basic premise of the medieval Islamic sources that the Qur’an is to
be explained in light of the life of the Prophet Muhammad…
However, he proposes that
critical Qur’anic scholarship not depend on prophetic biography (sīrah)
or traditional Qur’anic exegesis (tafsīr), but rather,
… the Qur’an should be
appreciated in light of its conversation with earlier literature, in particular
Biblical literature…This argument necessarily involves an examination of both
the relationship of Muslim exegetical literature to the Qur’an and the
relationship of the Qur’an to Biblical literature.
Sūrat al-Masad (Q 111) offers
a valuable example for how a Biblical perspective can augment our understanding
of the Qur’anic text. The text of the sūrah names its main character
Abu Lahab, and mentions that he has a wife, but does not provide any further
identifying information. Only extra-Qur’anic literature can give us more
details about who he was. In this blog post, I compare how he may be identified
through the Islamic literary sources and through the Hebrew Bible.
Abu Lahab In Islamic
Literature
Abu Lahab, meaning “the father
of flame,” is identified as the uncle of the prophet Muhammad, ʿAbd al-ʿUzza
ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, nicknamed Abu Lahab on account of his reddish complexion.
He is said to have been a rich and proud man, and he and his wife Umm Jamil,
sister of Abu Sufyan, are depicted as fierce enemies of Muhammad and the early
Muslim community. There are many anecdotes in the Islamic literary sources
about their verbal and physical attacks on the prophet. Some Qur’an
commentators say that Umm Jamil used to litter Muhammad’s path with harmful
thorns of twisted palm leaf fibres, and that this is the historical context for
the final verse of Sūrat al-Masad: “Will have upon her neck a halter of
palm-fibre” (Q 111:5).
Abu’l-Ahab in Biblical
Literature
In searching the Hebrew Bible
for a wicked man whose name resembles Abu Lahab, one finds Ahab (Hebrew:
אַחְאָב), the seventh kings of ancient Israel (r. ca. 885-874 BCE), son of King
Omri and husband of Jezebel of Sidon. We could read “Abu Lahab” alternatively,
and without substantial change, as “Abu’l-Ahab,” father of Ahab. According to
the Hebrew Bible, the father of Ahab is Omri, who is described in 1 Kings 16:25
as having acted “more wickedly than all who were before him.” His son Ahab, in
his own time, “married Jezebel the daughter of Ethbaal king of the Sidonians,
and went to serve Baal and worshiped him . . . Thus Ahab did more to provoke the
Lord God of Israel than all the kings of Israel who were before him” (1 Kings
16:31-33).
….
As for Jezebel, it is said
that she ordered the killing of prophets (1 Kings 18:4). The prophet Elijah
escaped her persecution and with God’s command confronted Ahab with a challenge
to the priests of Baal: “You call on the name of your god and I will call on
the name of the Lord; the god who answers by fire is indeed God” (18:24). The
supporters of Baal called upon their god to send fire to consume their
sacrifice, but nothing happened. When Elijah called upon the name of the Lord,
fire came down from heaven immediately and consumed their offering.
Eventually Ahab in killed in
battle, and when Elisha, successor to the prophet Elijah, anoints Jehu king of
Israel, the latter had the house of Ahab killed. Jezebel was captured by her
enemies, thrown out of a window, trampled by a horse, and her flesh eaten by
dogs.
A Comparison of the
Qur’anic and Biblical Characters
There are some significant
parallels between the qur’anic character of Abu Lahab and the biblical
character of Abu’l-Ahab. To illustrate these, let us evaluate Sūrat al-Masad in
light of the biblical account:
- May the hands of Abu Lahab [Abu’l-Ahab] be ruined and ruined is he. The biblical story of Ahab fits well with this verse, in both linguistic and narrative/thematic terms. The father is invoked for ruin. Omri was the first person to introduce the worship of Baal in Israel, for which his progeny are to be ruined. In Qur’anic Arabic terminology, hands (here, yadā) are symbolic of power and of progeny. The fate of Omri’s progeny is pronounced not so much in the tafsir literature as in the biblical texts.
- His wealth will not avail him or that which he gained. The Ahab of the Bible seems to have had greater wealth than the Abu Lahab of Islamic tradition; his great wealth failed to prevent his demise by God’s command.
- He will [enter to] burn in a Fire of [blazing] flame. Hellfire is an eschatalogical concept associated with unbelief, especially with the sort of idolatry instituted by Omri and Ahab.
- And his wife [as well]—the carrier of firewood. The feature of firewood (ḥaṭab) is key. The challenge at Mount Carmel consisted of sacrificing bulls on firewood in order. We can imagine Jezebel supporting the Baalist priests by collecting the best woods to burn the sacrifice easily. The image of Jezebel carrying firewood makes more sense of this verse than that of Umm Jamil dumping thorns.
- Around her neck is a rope of [twisted] fiber. Traditional exegetes struggle to explain the meaning of the rope of palm-fiber (masad). It may be better understood in light of the Jezebel story. The term masad appears to be a hapax legomenon in the Qur’an that might have a Hebrew root and be related to Jezebel’s violent death. This term begs for further examination along these lines. ….
